A Historical Evolutionary Perspective on China’s Open Horse Racing Problems and Choice Strategies

Open problems on regular languages: an historical perspective

Operations on regular languages have been studied for fifty years, but several major problems remain wide open. This paper surveys the semigroup approach to these problems. We consider successively the starheight problem, the Straubing-Thérien’s concatenation hierarchy and the shuffle operation. On the algebraic side, we present Eilenberg’s variety theory and its successive improvements, includ...

On generalized Tian Ji's horse racing strategy

Tian Ji’s horse racing strategy, a famous Chinese legend, constitutes a promising concept to be applied to important issues in today’s competitive environment; this strategy is elaborated on and analyzed by examining the general case. The mathematical formulation concerning the calculation of winning, drawing or losing combinations and probabilities is presented to illustrate the interesting in...

Spermatozoa: A Historical Perspective

The 100,000th scientific article on the subject of spermatozoa was recently published. Many studies have evaluated the characteristics of this important cell leading to great discoveries. Since its first observation and description in 1677, many important characteristics have been described regarding this highly fascinating gamete. In this review, our objective has been to provide a historical ...

Mineral Requirements in the Horse: a Historical Perspective

Technology and Urban Form: A Philosophical and Historical Perspective

Urban form has undergone tremendous changes throughout history. These changes have stemmed from various causes. Technology has been one of the most influential forces in changing the face of cities, leaving different marks on the city form. In fact, technology has gained an increasingly more important and integrative role in bringing changes to the urban form. In addition, recent plethora of de...